The Specific Properties of Phusang Hot Spring Water: Safety and Benefits

Phusang warm pond or hot spring (Thailand) has a temperature of approximately 36–38 °C and may be suitable for bacterial growth. However, data on the microbiota effectiveness this water remain obscure. Therefore, study aimed to evaluate characteristics by clarifying microorganisms viral pathogens present. Cytotoxicity, irritation, liposome uptake, antimicrobial anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated. The levels trace elements such as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr) confirmed. was nontoxic L-929 cells HDFa nonirritating human phototypes I IV at 48 h. S.aureus, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis E. coli not detected using agar well diffusion assay. decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression 24 h compared with (PBS) untreated controls, measured semi qRT–PCR ELISA. combined curcumin-loaded liposomes exerted antiaging effects, suggesting their benefits application in cosmetic products. bacteriophage families Myoviridae, Siphoviridae Podoviridae detected, but HPV EBV. Trace Na Ca importance is that exerts via IL-6, nonirritating, might used balneotherapy ingredient under sterile conditions.